Klinische Massenspektrometrie

Übergreifendes Ziel dieser Arbeitsgruppe ist die Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung der Massenspektrometrie für eine bessere Versorgung der Patienten. Die Gruppe ist wissenschaftlich interdisziplinär aufgestellt mit promovierten Experten aus Medizin, Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie. Es bestehen zahlreiche Kooperationen mit einem weiten Spektrum klinischer Abteilungen und Arbeitsgruppen des Klinikums sowie national und international.

Die Schwerpunkte der Gruppe sind:

• Wissenschaftliche Analytik und translationale Diagnostik: Entwicklung massenspektrometriebasierter Methoden (v.a. LC-MS/MS) für den Einsatz in verschiedenen Bereichen der klinischen Diagnostik
• Therapeutische Arzneimittelüberwachung von Antiinfektiva in der Intensivmedizin
• Endokrinologische Profiling-Methoden
• Automatisierung und Integration in der klinischen Anwendung der Massenspektrometrie, Private-Public-Partnership-Projekte
• Untersuchung der Perspektiven für industrialisierte Massenspektrometrieanwendungen in der IVD
• Qualitäts- und Risikomanagement sowie Standardisierung in klinischen Anwendungen der Massenspektrometrie

• Transport stability profiling - a proposed generic protocol. Willems L, Paal M, Vogeser M. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2022 May 2. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0032 Online ahead of print. PMID: 35499915

• An UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib in human serum. Habler K, Vogeser M, Teupser D. J

• Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab. 2022 Feb 7;24:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.02.001. eCollection 2022 Apr.
  PMID: 35199096

• Clinical lipidomics - A community-driven roadmap to translate research into clinical applications.
  Vvedenskaya O, Holčapek M, Vogeser M, Ekroos K, Meikle PJ, Bendt AK.
  J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab. 2022 Feb 7;24:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.02.002. eCollection 2022 Apr.
  PMID: 35199094

• Report from the HarmoSter study: impact of calibration on comparability of LC-MS/MS measurement of circulating cortisol, 17OH-progesterone and aldosterone.
  Fanelli F, Cantù M, Temchenko A, Mezzullo M, Lindner JM, Peitzsch M, Hawley JM, Bruce S, Binz PA, Ackermans MT, Heijboer AC, Van den Ouweland J, Koeppl D, Nardi E, MacKenzie F, Rauh M, Eisenhofer G, Keevil BG, Vogeser M, Pagotto U.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2022 Feb 16;60(5):726-739. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1028. Print 2022 Apr 26.
  PMID: 35172417

• Laboratory-Developed Tests in the New European Union 2017/746 Regulation: Opportunities and Risks.
  Vogeser M, Brüggemann M, Lennerz J, Stenzinger A, Gassner UM.
  Clin Chem. 2021 Dec 30;68(1):40-42. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab215.
  PMID: 34969118 No abstract available.

• IVDR and diagnostic application of mass spectrometry in the European Union.
  Vogeser M.
  J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab. 2021 Feb 24;19:32-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.02.001. eCollection 2021 Jan.
  PMID: 34820663

• Collision energy-breakdown curves - An additional tool to characterize MS/MS methods.
  Mörlein S, Schuster C, Paal M, Vogeser M.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2020 Oct 20;18:48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.001. eCollection 2020 Nov.
  PMID: 34820525

• Targeted profiling of 24 sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids in urine using two-dimensional isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS.
  Habler K, Koeppl B, Bracher F, Vogeser M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021 Nov 22;60(2):220-228. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1111. Print 2022 Jan 27.
  PMID: 34798689

• Isotope dilution LC-MS/MS quantification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators ivacaftor, lumacaftor, tezacaftor, elexacaftor, and their major metabolites in human serum.
  Habler K, Kalla AS, Rychlik M, Bruegel M, Teupser D, Nährig S, Vogeser M, Paal M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021 Oct 20;60(1):82-91. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0724. Print 2022 Jan 26.
  PMID: 34668357

• Trough concentrations of meropenem and piperacillin during slow extended dialysis in critically ill patients with intermittent and continuous infusion: A prospective observational study.
  Liebchen U, Paal M, Bucher V, Vogeser M, Irlbeck M, Schroeder I, Zoller M, Scharf C.
  J Crit Care. 2022 Feb;67:26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.09.011. Epub 2021 Oct 7.
  PMID: 34628123

• Target Site Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem: Measurement in Human Explanted Lung Tissue by Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Microdialysis, and Homogenized Lung Tissue.
  Paal M, Scharf C, Denninger AK, Ilia L, Kloft C, Kneidinger N, Liebchen U, Michel S, Schneider C, Schröpf S, Schuster C, Vogeser M, Weinelt F, Zander J, Zoller M, Schroeder I.
  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Nov 17;65(12):e0156421. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01564-21. Epub 2021 Sep 27.
  PMID: 34570645

• No clinically relevant removal of meropenem by cytokine adsorber CytoSorb® in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock.
  Liebchen U, Scharf C, Zoller M, Weinelt F, Kloft C; CytoMero collaboration team.
  Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1332-1333. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06487-y. Epub 2021 Sep 14.
  PMID: 34519848

• Estimation of inter-laboratory reference change values from external quality assessment data.
  Paal M, Habler K, Vogeser M.
  Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2021 Oct 15;31(3):030902. doi: 10.11613/BM.2021.030902. Epub 2021 Aug 5.
  PMID: 34393596

• Evaluation of release and pharmacokinetics of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) in phosphatidyldiglycerol-based thermosensitive liposomes.Rysin A, Paal M, Lokerse WJM, Wedmann B, Hossann M, Vogeser M, Winter G, Lindner LH.
  Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2021 Nov 1;1863(11):183698. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183698. Epub 2021 Jul 17.
  PMID: 34283999

• The Role of Non-Enzymatic Degradation of Meropenem-Insights from the Bottle to the Body.
  Liebchen U, Rakete S, Vogeser M, Arend FM, Kinast C, Scharf C, Zoller M, Schönermarck U, Paal M.
  Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Jun 14;10(6):715. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060715.
  PMID: 34198482

• Comparing posaconazole and itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in critically ill lung transplant recipients: Efficacy and plasma concentrations.
  Kallee S, Scharf C, Schroeder I, Paal M, Vogeser M, Irlbeck M, Zander J, Zoller M, Jung J, Kneidinger N, Schneider C, Michel S, Liebchen U.
  Transpl Infect Dis. 2021 Aug;23(4):e13675. doi: 10.1111/tid.13675. Epub 2021 Jul 14.
  PMID: 34166573

• Evaluation of the MeroRisk Calculator, A User-Friendly Tool to Predict the Risk of Meropenem Target Non-Attainment in Critically Ill Patients.
  Liebchen U, Klose M, Paal M, Vogeser M, Zoller M, Schroeder I, Schmitt L, Huisinga W, Michelet R, Zander J, Scharf C, Weinelt FA, Kloft C.
  Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Apr 20;10(4):468. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10040468.
  PMID: 33924047

• An isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of meropenem and its open-ring metabolite in serum.
  Rakete S, Schuster C, Paal M, Vogeser M.
  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021 Apr 15;197:113944. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113944. Epub 2021 Feb 2.
  PMID: 33588299

• Effect of gravimetric correction and type of pipettes used in sample preparation on the precision of LC-MS/MS-based analyses.
  Schuster C, Habler K, Vogeser M.
  Clin Biochem. 2021 May;91:63-66. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.01.017. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
  PMID: 33581083

• Complex analytical procedures in diagnostic laboratories and the IVDR.
  Vogeser M, Brüggemann M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Dec 11;59(3):457-458. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1775.
  PMID: 33554564 No abstract available.

• Simultaneous quantification of seven repurposed COVID-19 drugs remdesivir (plus metabolite GS-441524), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, favipiravir and azithromycin by a two-dimensional isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method in human serum.
  Habler K, Brügel M, Teupser D, Liebchen U, Scharf C, Schönermarck U, Vogeser M, Paal M.
  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021 Mar 20;196:113935. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113935. Epub 2021 Jan 28.
  PMID: 33548872

• Spectrophotometric evaluation of hemolysis in plasma by quantification of free oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and methemalbumin in presence of bilirubin.
  Heckl C, Lang A, Rühm A, Sroka R, Duffield T, Vogeser M, Paal M.
  J Biophotonics. 2021 May;14(5):e202000461. doi: 10.1002/jbio.202000461. Epub 2021 Feb 13.
  PMID: 33527705

• The higher the better? Defining the optimal beta-lactam target for critically ill patients to reach infection resolution and improve outcome.
  Scharf C, Liebchen U, Paal M, Taubert M, Vogeser M, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Schroeder I.
  J Intensive Care. 2020 Nov 23;8(1):86. doi: 10.1186/s40560-020-00504-w.
  PMID: 33292582

• Mass spectrometric sample identification with indicator compounds introduced via labeled sample tubes.
  Paal M, Habler K, Vogeser M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Jul 27;59(1):147-154. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0667.
  PMID: 32716904

• Averaging of results derived from different, simultaneously acquired mass transitions in ID-LC-MS/MS - Potential impact on measurement imprecision.
  Schuster C, Habler K, Vogeser M.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2020 Jun 4;17:1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.06.001. eCollection 2020 Aug.
  PMID: 34820519

• From therapeutic drug monitoring to total drug monitoring and drug-omics.
  Vogeser M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 May 5;59(2):287-290. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0339.
  PMID: 32374280

• Comparative Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Mycophenolic Acid in human Plasma with HPLC-UV and Isotope Dilution LC-MS/MS.
  Paal M, Habler K, Northoff B, Vogeser M.
  Clin Lab. 2020 Apr 1;66(4). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190820.
  PMID: 32255280

• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Meropenem and Piperacillin in Critical Illness-Experience and Recommendations from One Year in Routine Clinical Practice.
  Scharf C, Paal M, Schroeder I, Vogeser M, Draenert R, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Liebchen U.
  Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Mar 21;9(3):131. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9030131.
  PMID: 32245195

• Isotope dilution-LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the urinary cotinine-to-creatinine ratio.
  Habler K, Paal M, Vogeser M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Mar 25;58(9):1469-1476. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0177. Print 2020 Aug 27.
  PMID: 32229659

• A suggested standard for validation of LC-MS/MS based analytical series in diagnostic laboratories.
  Vogeser M, Stone JA.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2020 Feb 28;16:25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.02.002. eCollection 2020 Apr.
  PMID: 34820517

• An isotope dilution LC-MS/MS based candidate reference method for the quantification of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus in human whole blood.
  Taibon J, van Rooij M, Schmid R, Singh N, Albrecht E, Anne Wright J, Geletneky C, Schuster C, Mörlein S, Vogeser M, Seger C, Pongratz S, Kobold U.
  Clin Biochem. 2020 Aug;82:73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.11.006. Epub 2019 Nov 23.
  PMID: 31770523

• Comparative LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV Analyses of Meropenem and Piperacillin in Critically Ill Patients.
  Paal M, Heilmann M, Koch S, Bertsch T, Steinmann J, Höhl R, Liebchen U, Schuster C, Kleine FM, Vogeser M.
  Clin Lab. 2019 Sep 1;65(9). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190210.
  PMID: 31532096

• A semi-automated, isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry assay for therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants.
  Lindner JM, Vogeser M, Sorg K, Grimm SH.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2019 May 21;14 Pt B:89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2019.05.004. eCollection 2019 Nov.
  PMID: 34917765

• A proposal to standardize the description of LC-MS-based measurement methods in laboratory medicine.
  Vogeser M, Schuster C, Rockwood AL.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2019 Apr 25;13:36-38. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2019.04.003. eCollection 2019 Aug.
  PMID: 34841084

• Investigation on core-fucosylated prostate-specific antigen as a refined biomarker for differentiation of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer of different aggressiveness.
  Lang R, Rolny V, Leinenbach A, Karl J, Swiatek-de Lange M, Kobold U, Schrader M, Krause H, Mueller M, Vogeser M.
  Tumour Biol. 2019 Mar;41(3):1010428319827223. doi: 10.1177/1010428319827223.
  PMID: 30907281

• Isotope dilution LC-orbitrap-HRMS with automated sample preparation for the simultaneous quantification of 11 antimycotics in human serum.
  Schuster C, Paal M, Lindner J, Zoller M, Liebchen U, Scharf C, Vogeser M.
  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Mar 20;166:398-405. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.038. Epub 2019 Jan 25.
  PMID: 30711809

• Non-invasive measurement of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin in children.
  Homann C, Hennig G, Maier F, Stepp H, Holdt LM, Vogeser M, Sroka R, Koletzko B.
  Pediatr Res. 2019 Feb;85(3):349-354. doi: 10.1038/s41390-018-0247-x. Epub 2018 Dec 9.
  PMID: 30655607

• Ciprofloxacin in critically ill subjects: considering hepatic function, age and sex to choose the optimal dose.
  Li X, Zoller M, Fuhr U, Huseyn-Zada M, Maier B, Vogeser M, Zander J, Taubert M.
  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Mar 1;74(3):682-690. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky485.
  PMID: 30500905

• The role of mass spectrometry in antibiotic stewardship.
  Zander J, Paal M, Vogeser M.
  Clin Mass Spectrom. 2018 Nov 16;14 Pt A:31-33. doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2018.11.001. eCollection 2019 Sep.
  PMID: 34917759

• Assessment of Plasma Amino Acid Dynamics in Response to ACTH Stimulation by Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry.
  Paal M, Lindner JM, Schmoeckel P, Suhr AC, Schafferer S, Koal T, Briegel J, Vogeser M.
  Clin Lab. 2018 Oct 1;64(10):1695-1700. doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.180513.
  PMID: 30336519

• Effects of a cluster-randomized school-based prevention program on physical activity and microvascular function (JuvenTUM 3).
  Siegrist M, Hanssen H, Lammel C, Haller B, Koch AM, Stemp P, Dandl E, Liestak R, Parhofer KG, Vogeser M, Halle M.
  Atherosclerosis. 2018 Nov;278:73-81. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.003. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
  PMID: 30261471 Clinical Trial.

• Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses.
  Schuster C, Sterz S, Teupser D, Brügel M, Vogeser M, Paal M.
  J Vis Exp. 2018 Aug 30;(138):58148. doi: 10.3791/58148.
  PMID: 30222156

• Rapid spectrophotometric quantification of urinary porphyrins and porphobilinogen as screening tool for attacks of acute porphyria.
  Lang A, Heckl C, Vogeser M, Stauch T, Homann C, Hennig G, Sroka R, Stepp H.
  J Biomed Opt. 2018 May;23(5):1-12. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.23.5.055006.
  PMID: 29855177

• A second-derivate fitting algorithm for the quantification of free hemoglobin in human plasma.
  Paal M, Lang A, Hennig G, Buchholtz ML, Sroka R, Vogeser M.
  Clin Biochem. 2018 Jun;56:62-69. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.04.007. Epub 2018 Apr 12.
  PMID: 29655958

• Simultaneous quantification of cefepime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid and piperacillin in human serum using an isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS method.
  Paal M, Zoller M, Schuster C, Vogeser M, Schütze G.
  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018 Apr 15;152:102-110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.031. Epub 2018 Feb 3.
  PMID: 29414000

• An endoglycosidase-assisted LC-MS/MS-based strategy for the analysis of site-specific core-fucosylation of low-concentrated glycoproteins in human serum using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as example.
  Lang R, Leinenbach A, Karl J, Swiatek-de Lange M, Kobold U, Vogeser M.
  Clin Chim Acta. 2018 May;480:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.040. Epub 2018 Feb 20.
  PMID: 29408166

• The dynamics of a serum steroid profile after stimulation with intravenous ACTH.
  Lindner JM, Suhr AC, Grimm SH, Möhnle P, Vogeser M, Briegel J.
  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018 Mar 20;151:159-163. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.045. Epub 2017 Dec 26.
  PMID: 29346086

• Multicenter Evaluation of a New Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay for Everolimus Concentrations in Whole Blood.
  Verstraete AG, Rigo-Bonnin R, Wallemacq P, Vogeser M, Schuetzenmeister A, Schmiedel C, Shipkova M.
  Ther Drug Monit. 2018 Feb;40(1):59-68. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000474.
  PMID: 29210975

• Measurement of sirolimus concentrations in human blood using an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA): a multicenter evaluation.
  Stove V, Ramos PA, Wallemacq P, Vogeser M, Schuetzenmeister A, Schmiedel C, Shipkova M.
  Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018 Apr 25;56(5):764-775. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0583.
  PMID: 29206642 Clinical Trial.

• Posaconazole liquid vs tablet formulation in lung transplant recipients.
  Stelzer D, Weber A, Ihle F, Matthes S, Ceelen F, Zimmermann G, Kneidinger N, Schramm R, Winter H, Zoller M, Vogeser M, Behr J, Neurohr C.
  Mycoses. 2018 Mar;61(3):186-194. doi: 10.1111/myc.12724. Epub 2017 Nov 22.
  PMID: 29110351

• Diminished Short- and Long-Term Antibody Response after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients.
  Füessl L, Lau T, Lean I, Hasmann S, Riedl B, Arend FM, Sorodoc-Otto J, Soreth-Rieke D, Toepfer M, Rau S, Salihi-Halimi H, Paal M, Beuthien W, Thaller N, Suttmann Y, von Gersdorff G, Regenauer R, von Bergwelt-Baildon A, Teupser D, Bruegel M, Fischereder M, Schönermarck U.
  Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Apr 13;10(4):605. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040605.
  PMID: 35455353

• Combination of Pharmacokinetic and Pathogen Susceptibility Information To Optimize Meropenem Treatment of Gram-Negative Infections in Critically Ill Patients.
  Liebchen U, Weinelt F, Scharf C, Schroeder I, Paal M, Zoller M, Kloft C, Jung J, Michelet R.
  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022 Feb 15;66(2):e0183121. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01831-21. Epub 2021 Dec 6.
  PMID: 34871092

• Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in haemodialysis patients: (Response to: Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: A prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.).
  Hasmann S, Paal M, Füeßl L, Fischereder M, Schönermarck U.
  Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Nov;10:100237. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100237. Epub 2021 Oct 25.
  PMID: 34723234

• Antibody response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in haemodialysis patients.
  Paal M, Arend FM, Lau T, Hasmann S, Soreth-Rieke D, Sorodoc-Otto J, Beuthien W, Krappe J, Toepfer M, von Gersdorff G, Thaller N, Rau S, Northoff B, Teupser D, Bruegel M, Fischereder M, Schönermarck U.
  Clin Kidney J. 2021 Jul 6;14(10):2234-2238. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab127. eCollection 2021 Oct.
  PMID: 34603700

• Can the cytokine adsorber CytoSorb® help to mitigate cytokine storm and reduce mortality in critically ill patients? A propensity score matching analysis.
  Scharf C, Schroeder I, Paal M, Winkels M, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Liebchen U.
  Ann Intensive Care. 2021 Jul 22;11(1):115. doi: 10.1186/s13613-021-00905-6.
  PMID: 34292421

• Successful elimination of bilirubin in critically ill patients with acute liver dysfunction using a cytokine adsorber and albumin dialysis: a pilot study.
  Scharf C, Liebchen U, Paal M, Becker-Pennrich A, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Schroeder I.
  Sci Rep. 2021 May 13;11(1):10190. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89712-4.
  PMID: 33986443

• [Dipstick urinalysis].
  Paal M, Fischereder M.
  MMW Fortschr Med. 2021 Apr;163(6):56-58. doi: 10.1007/s15006-021-9659-3.
  PMID: 33783801 Review. German. No abstract available.

• Blood purification with a cytokine adsorber for the elimination of myoglobin in critically ill patients with severe rhabdomyolysis.
  Scharf C, Liebchen U, Paal M, Irlbeck M, Zoller M, Schroeder I.
  Crit Care. 2021 Jan 28;25(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03468-x.
  PMID: 33509234

• Comment on: 'Effects of dose and type of corticosteroids on the divergence between estimated glomerular filtration rates derived from cystatin C and creatinine' by Tsushita et al.
  Lean I, Paal M, Suttmann Y, Dengler C, Schönermarck U.
  J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021 Apr;46(2):547-548. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13332. Epub 2020 Dec 16.
  PMID: 33325552 No abstract available.

• The ONTAI study - a survey on antimicrobial dosing and the practice of therapeutic drug monitoring in German intensive care units.
  Liebchen U, Paal M, Scharf C, Schroeder I, Grabein B, Zander J, Siebers C, Zoller M.
  J Crit Care. 2020 Dec;60:260-266. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.027. Epub 2020 Sep 4.
  PMID: 32932111

• Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided high dose meropenem therapy of a multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii - A case report.
  Liebchen U, Paal M, Jung J, Schroeder I, Frey L, Zoller M, Scharf C.
  Respir Med Case Rep. 2019 Nov 12;29:100966. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100966. eCollection 2020.
  PMID: 31871885

• Superior vena cava syndrome related to mediastinal lymphoma in late pregnancy: A case report.
  Buchholtz ML, Bücklein V, Brendel M, Paal M.
  Case Rep Womens Health. 2018 May 26;19:e00065. doi: 10.1016/j.crwh.2018.e00065. eCollection 2018 Jul.
  PMID: 30094193